A study shows that their black malar stripe exists to reduce glare from solar radiation, allowing them to see better. Photos from The Macaulay Library and iNaturalist showed that the malar stripe is thicker where there is more solar radiation.[23] That supports the solar glare hypothesis.
The peregrine falcon hunts most often at dawn and dusk, when prey are most active, but also nocturnally in cities, particularly during migration periods when hunting at night may become prevalent. Nocturnal migrants taken by peregrines include species as diverse as yellow-billed cuckoo, black-necked grebe, virginia rail, and common quail.[71] The peregrine requires open space in order to hunt, and therefore often hunts over open water, marshes, valleys, fields, and tundra, searching for prey either from a high perch or from the air.[75] Large congregations of migrants, especially species that gather in the open like shorebirds, can be quite attractive to hunting peregrines. Once prey is spotted, it begins its stoop, folding back the tail and wings, with feet tucked.[21] Prey is typically struck and captured in mid-air; the peregrine falcon strikes its prey with a clenched foot, stunning or killing it with the impact, then turns to catch it in mid-air.[75] If its prey is too heavy to carry, a peregrine will drop it to the ground and eat it there. If they miss the initial strike, peregrines will chase their prey in a twisting flight.[76] Although previously thought rare, several cases of peregrines contour-hunting, i.e. using natural contours to surprise and ambush prey on the ground, have been reported and even rare cases of prey being pursued on foot. In addition, peregrines have been documented preying on chicks in nests, from birds such as kittiwakes.[77] Prey is plucked before consumption.[52] A recent study showed the presence of peregrines benefits non-preferred species while at the same time causing a decline in its preferred prey.[78] As of 2018, the fastest recorded falcon was at 242 mph (nearly 390 km/h). Researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and at Oxford University used 3D computer simulations in 2018 to show that the high speed allows peregrines to gain better maneuverability and precision in strikes.[79]
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Because the fossil record is denser for this species, the variation in H. erectus is better understood than in any of the earlier hominins. A growing proportion of researchers employ a separate species name for the earliest members of H. erectus that tend to be smaller and are found mostly in Africa; they call these Homo ergaster (Tattersall 2007; for discussion see Dunsworth and Walker 2002). This scheme implies that H. ergaster in Africa is ancestral to, or is a sister group to, H. erectus in Asia. However, in this review, large-brained, large-bodied members of the genus Homo found across the Old World are considered to display regional, not species-level, variation, and are all described as H. erectus (following Antón 2003). Under this hypothesis, regional variation in H. erectus cranial features and body size, as in H. sapiens, are the result of drift, gene flow, and selection working differently in geographically dispersed populations.
As a result, there is some disagreement regarding the genus attribution of the habilis and rudolfensis material and, by extension, the definition of the genus Homo. Under a new definition of Homo offered by Wood and Collard (1999; Wood 2009), all members display traits of a single adaptive complex that are manifested in body size and shape, locomotion, and relative size of the teeth and jaws. Therefore, if fossils designated as Homo must be more like humans than australopiths, then, according to some researchers, specimens belonging to H. habilis and H. rudolfensis fit better in Australopithecus. If this scheme is followed, then H. erectus fossils are the earliest Homo on record.
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